There are fundamental problems in the design of the crop insurance scheme

A well designed crop insurance scheme is the best safety net 

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY), the flagship programme launched with much fanfare in 2016 has run into rough weather. With both the area covered and the number of enrolled farmers declining, the country’s premium crop insurance scheme is certainly in need of an overhaul.

While the Parliament’s Committee on Estimates, chaired by the senior BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi, has in its latest report called for re-formulation of the agricultural insurance scheme, seeking transparency in its working and asking for more financial allocations to attract increasing participation from farmers, there are fundamental flaws in the design of the scheme that renders it rather ineffective.

At a time when farm gate prices had remained subdued over the past few years, and when fluctuating climatic conditions – drought, floods, as well as freak weather patterns including hailstorm, strong winds etc. had flattened the standing crop at many a places, PMFBY could have come as the much needed safety net. But a badly designed crop insurance programme has failed to come to rescue of the beleaguered farming community. Take the case of Haryana, where standing crops in 1.85 lakh acres in 15 districts were damaged in September by heavy rains and resulting floods. Interestingly, while the revenue estimates of the crop damage are ready, the crop losses suffered do not tally with the crops that were insured by the private crop insurance companies. This is because the insurance companies just collected the premium amounts from the banks without actually doing a ground assessment to know what crops were under cultivation.

The government perhaps did not visualize that there were serious problems in the way the scheme was designed. The methodology itself was faulty. No wonder, some estimates show the enrollment under PMFBY has declined by 17 per cent, from 40.2 million in 2016 to 33.2 million by 2018. Instead of rectifying the forcible enrolment, as a result of which the premium amount is automatically deducted from the bank accounts of loanee farmers, the banks have now been asked to provide the premium amount (in case of irregular accounts) by giving an overdraft for which the farmers will also have to pay interest. The basic objective being to show an increase in the number of farmers enrolled. Forcible addition of number of farmers under the scheme should not be seen as a measure of its success.  

Once the premiums are collected, a threshold limit is ascribed for the maximum claim in the event of a crop loss. In other words, if the threshold limit is low, the claim a farmer makes would get him a fraction of the loss he incurs. To illustrate, let’s look at an example from Bundli district in Rajasthan. A study conducted by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) had shown that for soybean crop farmers were insured for a maximum of Rs 16,539 per hectare against a maximum output value of Rs 50,000. Similarly for paddy, the maximum a farmer could be compensated for was Rs 17,096 whereas the output value stood at Rs 65,000. This is also linked to the process of auction that is adopted while estimating the losses to be insured. Companies first give their preference of the regions where they want to operate, and then an open bidding is held. As a result of selective bidding the gross premium swells. Such a flawed system of estimating premium amounts does not operate anywhere in the world. This defeats the basic purpose of bringing in 12 private companies for crop insurance. Instead of building competition among the private players, the design allows for monopolization and formation of cartels. 

I have never understood the rationale of treating village or village panchayat as a unit of insurance. Why can’t the compensation be paid treating the farm as a unit? Of course, the insurance companies would not like to undertake this arduous exercise but at time when remote sensing and drone technology is available, there is no reason why the insurance companies should not be directed to treat an individual farm as the base for insurance claims. Further, since 24 crop-cutting experiments are mandated for each district, four for major crops and eight for other crops, a total of 40-lakh crop cutting experiments are required to be held every year. This could have been a huge employment generation opportunity if the government had insisted that the companies create its own workforce rather than allowing outsourcing of its agricultural officials for the purpose. But then, who wouldn’t like making profits without making adequate investments. 


Fundamental flaws in crop insurance scheme's design makes it ineffective. LiveMint. Jan 9, 2019
https://www.livemint.com/Politics/vPD0hLee4cWmmoEVvQteRJ/Fundamental-flaws-in-crop-insurance-schemes-design-renders.html?fbclid=IwAR2ZYX80-STaq1tl5IvhtI6uCiC9Vo1P_8O4KjZUuI_7AFVwvPqa2zIJDYE